PEMUPUKAN SEMANGAT PATRIOTISM

PENGENALAN KEMERDEKAAN
-rakyat Malaysia merayakan Hari Kebangsaan –kali ke-51.
-hari kemerdekaan 31 ogos sudah sampai di ambang hidup rakyat malaysia .
-pelbagai program diadakan: program perarakan dan pertandingan diadakan.
-berundurnya pihak penjajah dan diganti dengan pemerintahan oleh rakyat tempatan. Tempat jam 12.00 tengah malam, 31 ogos 1957 seluruh rakyat Malaysia berbangga kerana usaha membebaskan Negara daripada belenggu penjajah akhirnya mencapai kejayaan.
-Perdana Menteri yang pertama, Tunku Abdul Rahman telah banyak mencurahkan jasa dan keringat serta pengorbanan untuk mendapatkan kemerdekaan Tanah Melayu pada masa itu. Hasil pengorbanan dan jerit payah Perdana Menteri serta beberapa pemimpin yang lain, pada tahun 31 ogos 1957 Tanah Melayu telah diisytiharkan atau diproklamirkan bebas daripada penjajahan
-tarikh bersejarah yang penuh keramat ini tidak akan dilupakan oleh masyarakat Malaysia terutama generasi yang masih ada yang mengalamai susah payah hidup pada zaman pemerintahan Jepun dan juga British.
-semangat patriotisme dan nasionalisme perlu menusuk jiwa mereka

Semangat Patriotisme

-perasaan taat setia merupakan senjata mental yang cukup kuat untuk mempertahankan negara daripada sebarang bentuk penjajahan baru atau penjajahan dalam apa-apa bentuk sekalipun.
-sifat cinta akan Negara dan tanah air menentukan jatuh bangun sesuatu peradaban atau tamadun manusia.
-mewujudkan sebuah negara yang bebas daripada cengkaman penjajah, kita tidak boleh mengharapkan orang lain sebaliknya sikap patriotik ini perlu lahir daripada kalangan anak watan sendiri.
-anak watan perlu berjuang menegakkan keadilan melalui kemerdekaan dan menjadikan Malaysia sebuah negara yang berdaulat yang mampu berdiri di atas kaki sendiri, berdiri sama tinggi, duduk sama rendah dengan negara merdeka yang lain.
-rakyat perlu sedar akan bahawa tahun-tahun 1960-an merupakan suatu dekad harapan dan pengisian kemerdekaan….zaman mendung yang diselubungi oleh awan gelap.
-Negara kita boleh dikatakan lahir sebanyak dua kali. kelahirannya yang pertama dilambangkan oleh pengisytiharan kemerdakaan pada 31 ogos 1957. Harapan dan keriangan telah mengiringi pencapaian kemerdekaan pada hari yang mulia itu. pada September 1963 pula, negara ini telah dilahirkan semula harapan dan kegembiraan disulami pula dengan pelbagai dugaan dan cabaran. Mujurnya, kesemua cabaran yang direntasi oleh negara ini akhirnya ditangai dengan kejayaan dan masih dikecapi oleh generasi masa kini.
-Hari Kemerdekaan yang diadakan setiap tahun haruslah disambut dengan penuh kesedaran dan keinsafan tentang harga sebuah kemerdekaan. kita tidak ingin semangat cinta akan negara semakin pudar kerana kealpaan kita diulit kemewahan hidup dan pengaruh budaya dari luar. Oleh itu, rakyat perlu bertanggungjawab dan beriltizam untuk memastikan kemerdekaan negara terus terpelihara dan kekal buat selama-lamanya.

USAHA-USAHA YANG DILAKUKAN UNTUK MENINGKATKAN SEMANGAT PATRIOTIK/PATRIOTISME

1. Penubuhan Sekolah Wawasan merupakan salah satu cara memupuk semangat patriotik dalam kalangan anak watan
-jalan terbaik menyelesai dan menangani isu pemisahan kaum sejak peringkat awal
-pelaksanaan sistem berkenaan mampu memberi kefahaman awal tentang integrasi nasional dengan lebih cepat dan berkesan.
-memberi penekanan terhadap percampuran pelajar dari tiga aliran yang berbeza
-sekolah wawasan berkonsepkan tiga aliran sekolah iaitu sekolah kebangsaan, SJK Cina dan SJK Tamil yang ditempatkan dalam satu kawasan.
-setiap sekolah masih menggunakan bahasa pengantar masing-masing
-setiap jenis sekolah mengekalkan identiti asal sekolah masing-masing tetapi kelainannya ialah mereka digalakkan berkongsi kemudahan seperti kantin, lapangan perhimpunan, gelanggang permainan dan padang
-keharmonian dan sikap menghormati pasti dapat dipupuk kerana pelajar berbilang kaum berkongsi kemudahan sama dalam kawasan yang sama
-konsep Sekolah Wawasan telah menyediakan ruang terbaik untuk generasi pelapis dari sekolah tiga aliran selain berinteraksi secara positif serta memperkasakan jalinan perpaduan.

2. Kepentingan Program Khidmat Negara sebagai perintis semangat patriotisme
-Program Khidmat Negara disasarkan untuk pelajar lepasan SPM
-bertujuan melahirkan warga yang berdisiplin, berdaya saing, berkarisma tinggi serta merupakan satu langkah yang murni dalam memupuk semangat patriotisme
-mekanisme penting dalam usaha membina integriti kaum
-pelbagai lapisan kaum disatukan dalam program ini
-menyemai sikap bertanggungjawab, toleransi, dan tolongan menolong antara satu sama lain dalam pelbagai elemen.
-fokus yang paling utama adalah untuk mewujudkan semangat patriotisme dalam kalangan remaja
-Program Khidmat negara Ala Malaysia ini berbentuk program kemasyarakatan dan kesukarelaan yang membolehkan semua kaum berinteraksi antara satu sama lain
-program ini dapat mengurangkan polarisasi antara mereka dan merapatkan hubungan perpaduan di kalangan belia dan remaja Malaysia yang terlibat
-mendalami modul kenegeraan----memupuk semangat cinta kepada negara

3 Hari Perpaduan memupuk semangat patriotik
-Hari perpaduan disambut pada 16 september
-berdasarkan persetujuan jemaah menteri bertarikh 8 Julai 1992 sempena mengingati tarikh persekutuan Malaysia dibentuk dengan negeri-negerinya termasuk Sabah dan Sarawak yang bersatu di bawah satu bendera
-memupuk dan meningkatkan semangat patriotik yang ada dalam diri kita
-rakyat perlu sedar akan seseorang perlu saling menghormati antara satu sama lain, hidup aman dan harmoni
-melalui Hari Perpaduan ini rakayat perlu sedar akan kepentingan semangat patriotisme merupakan tunjang keutuhan dan keselamatan negara.
-mengelakkan berlakunya tragedi yang meninggalkan titik hitam negara pada 13 Mei 1969 telah membuka mata semua pihak bahawa semangat patriotisme dan keharmonian amat penting untjk negara.
-Hari Perpaduan perlu diadakan setiap tahun adalah untuk menyedarkan masyarakat supaya janganlah menganggap bahawa perpaduan di negara ini telah mantap sehingga tidak perlu lagi berusaha untuk mempertingkatkan semangat patriotisme yang sedia ada.
-sempena Hari Perpaduan, pelbagai aktiviti telah diadakan seperti forum, ceramah, dialog, pameran, pertandingan menulis esei dan puisi yang bertemakan perpaduan kaum.

4. Semangat Patriotisme dalam konteks agama dan pendidikan moral memang digalakkan malahan diberi keutamaan
-ajaran Islam sendiri mengajar dan menuntut umatnya supaya menghormati hak orang lain, hak sesama Islam, hak jiran dan sebagainya.
-semangat patriotisme antara kaum dalam sesebuah masyarakat merupakan wahana yang membolehkan umat beribadat dengan aman dan selamat.
-selain pendidikan agama Islam, pendidikan moral yang diajar di sekolah juga memupuk semangat patriotisme dalam kalangan pelajar.
-pelajar dididik agar minda mereka disulami dengan nilai-nilai yang boleh bangkit memperjuang dan menjaga kedaulatan negara agar tidak mudah dibaham oleh mana-mana kuasa asing
-pepatah melayu, Bersatu teguh, bercerai roboh; bulat air kerana pembentung, bulat kata kerana muafakat.

5. Dalam bidang pendidikan, saranan kerajaa agar mewujudkan Kelab Rukun Negara di sekolah-sekolah untuk menyemai semangat cinta dan dan taat kepada negara.
-melahirkan masyarakat yang sentiasa bermuafakat bagi menghadapi sebarang ancaman di negara ini.
-para pelajar sentiasa diingatkan tentang pentingnya semangat patriotisme antara kaum di Malaysia .
-Apabila pelajar tersebut dewasa, mereka akan sentiasa menghayati konsep yang terkandung dalam Rukun negara untuk sama-sama membangunkan negara.
-menghasilkan suatu gerakan nasional yang menjadi benteng bagi mempertahankan perpaduan negara.
-sekolah dan generasi muda menjadi sasaran kepada usaha untuk menyedarkan kepentingan semangat patriotisme negara.
-kelab Rukun Negara yang dicadangkan itu boleh muncul sebagai suatu persatuan penting di sekolah kerana dapat menjadi tempat untuk menyemai semangat patriotisme.

6. …Sambutan Perayaan secara beramai-ramai merupakan salah satu wahana integrasi rakyat pelbagai kaum untuk memupuk semangat patriotisme.
-mengeratkan silaturahim melalui penghayatan perayaan, peluang meraikan tetamu dengan lebih tersusun dan “bersungguh-sungguh”
-majlis rumah terbuka …berbilang kaum akan menyambut bersama-sama
-menikmati juadah bersama-sama
-hambatan duniawi dan masing-masing memikul pundak berat…jarang berpeluang bersama-sama…
-oleh itu, majlis rumah terbuka merupakan satu peluang keemasan sanak-saudara dan sahabat handai bertemu…
-berasa bangga dengan sikap rakyat Malaysia yang sentiasa bermuafakat dalam melaksanakan sesuatu perkara. Hal ini dapat dilihat dalam sambutan Rumah Terbuka Malaysia . Semua pihak sama ada kerajaan, swasta atau orang perseorangan berganding bahu untuk menjayakan program yang julung-julung kali diadakan itu. Kesepakatan rakyat Malaysia terserlah apabila mengendalikan majlis yang seumpama ini. Oleh yang demikian, program ini perlu diadakan lebih kerap dan diperluas ke seluruh negara.
-intergasi nasional dapat dibentuk melalui kepercayaan semangat patriotisme antara rakyat

7. Melalui Dasar Pendidikan Kebangsaan, Semangat Patriotisme boleh dipupuk.

-Semua aliran sekoalh menggunakan bahasa yang sama (bahasa Melayu) dan kurikulum yang sama.
-sistem pendidikan merupakan mekanisme ampuh yang berupaya melahirkan generasi patriotik
-kerajaan juga memperkenalkan Kurikulum Baru Sekolah Rendah (KBSR) dan Kurikulum Bersepadu Sekolah Menengah (KBSM) pada tahun 1982 dan 1988.
-kedua-dua kurikulum itu bertujuan memupuk semangat patriotik dan perpaduan di kalangan rakyat yang berbilang kaum seperti yang terkandung dalam matlamat Falsafah Pendidikan Negara.
-langkah Kementerian Pelajaran menjadikan mata pelajaran Sejarah dan Kajian Tempatan sebagai mata pelajaran teras dilihat sebagai tindakan efektif bagi menyemai dan menyuburkan semangat perpaduan di kalangan pelajar.
-para pelajar diajar mengkaji, menyelidik dan menganalisis peristiwa sejarah dan mengambil ikhtibar daripada peristiwa sejarah.
-sebagai contoh, tragedi hitam 13 Mei 1969 telah menjadi pengajaran kepada para pelajar supaya menjaga perpaduan antara kaum.
-Kajian Tempatan dijadikan mata pelajaran teras bagi semua murid sekolah rendah
-Kajian Tempatan mengandungi eleman-eleman pengetahuan sejarah dan geografi
-Sejarah dapat menyemaikan bibit-bibit semangat perpaduan dan patriotik di kalangan pelajar
-Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia “menghidupkan” kembali pengajaran mata pelajaran kesedaran Sivik dan Kewarganegaraan di sekolah seperti pada akhir dekad 1970-an. Jawatankauasa Kabinet Mengkaji Dasar Pelajaran Kebangsaan 1979 yang diketuai oleh Tun Dr. Mahathir ketika itu mencadangkan supaya mata pelajaran Kesedaran Sivik diajar di peringkat rendah lagi di semua sekolah untuk melahirkan generasi muda yang mempunyai semangat patriotisme dan bersatu padu.
-melahirkan rakyat yang berperwatakan positif.


Kesimpulan
-semangat patriotisme dapa membantu pembangunan masyarakat dan pembangunan ekonomi
-pelaksanaan dasar-dasar kerajaan dapat dilakukan dengan mudah kerana masing-masing mempunyai inisiatif untuk membangun negara
-industri pelancongan dapat dikembangkan
-negara berdaulat dan dihormati oleh orang ramai
-negara boleh menggorak langkah yang lebih jauh untuk mencapai negara maju bukan sahaja dari aspek ekonomi tetapi jati diri bangsa negara tersebut.

1. Matlamat pemupukan patriotisme adalah untuk membentuk warganegara yang bersemangat patriotik dan berkeperibadian Malaysia .

2. Objektifnya adalah supaya pelajar dapat:

a. mengenal diri dan mencintai warisan bangsa dan negara.

b. mempunyai perasaan cinta dan bangga terhadap agama, bangsa dan negara.

c. bersemangat kekitaan, berdisiplin dan hidup bermasyarakat dan harmonis.

d. memahami dan menghargai usaha-usaha negara dalam pembangunan dan kemajuan

e. membina dan mengembangkan kefahaman, kesedaran dan kepekaan terhadap isu-isu dalam masyarakat serta berupaya untuk bertindak dengan sewajarnya; dan

f. bersemangat ingin berusaha dan melibatkan diri secara aktif dan produktif untuk kemajuan bangsa dan negara.

3. Anda perlu merujuk kepada buku panduan ``Program Pengukuhan Pemupukan Patriotisme Di Sekolah Rendah,'' Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum 1993 untuk mengetahui dengan lebih lanjut mengenai program itu.

4. Dalam program edutourism ini, guru boleh menyelitkan unsur-unsur tertentu untuk menerapkan unsur-unsur patriotisme.

5. Aktiviti yang boleh digunakan untuk menyerapkan unsur patriotisme eloklah berasaskan aktiviti kumpulan dan aktiviti itu termasuk:

a. kerja projek

b. permainan

c. simulasi

d. lakonan

e. drama

f. perbincangan

g. lawatan

Patriotismenya adalah semangat yang murni, universal dan bebas daripada elemen perkauman. Semangat perjuangan dan pengorbanan ini lahir daripada nilai-nilai cinta, kasih, sayang dan kesetiaan kepada nusa dan bangsa.

Lazimnya, patriotisme didasari oleh sifat dan sikap kesukarelaan, keikhlasan, kesanggupan, kesungguhan, dedikasi dan komitmen seseorang insan untuk mempertahankan kemerdekaan negara dan memelihara kemerdekaan serta kedaulatan bangsanya.

Matlamatnya supaya perlembagaan, undang-undang, integriti, kredibiliti, kepentingan, kemajuan, kejayaan, kemakmuran, kesejahteraan, keharmonian, perpaduan, ketenteraman, keamanan dan kelangsungan bangsa dan negara ini tidak diganggu-gugat oleh sesiapa.

Oleh itu, patriotisme adalah sesuatu yang abstrak. Ia lahir daripada tindakan atau perjuangan seseorang yang berasaskan kepentingan negara, agama dan bangsa.

Patriotisme membabitkan minda, sanubari dan naluri. Ia juga membabitkan roh dan jiwa, semangat dan keinsafan, serta cinta, kasih dan sayang.

Di zaman silam, patriotisme di Malaysia sering dimanifestasikan menerusi kesukarelaan dan keberanian seseorang berperang demi kepentingan ibu pertiwinya, untuk berjuang menentang penjajah, atau memperjuangkan kemerdekaan tanah airnya.

Di zaman mutakhir, patriotisme Malaysia dimanifestasikan menerusi kepimpinan yang berjiwa rakyat, bertungkus-lumus memajukan negara untuk mencapai taraf dunia dan sentiasa memperjuangkan keselamatan tanah air dan kesejahteraan ummah.

Patriotisme Malaysia mutakhir juga dibuktikan oleh segolongan bangsa Malaysia menerusi penciptaan rekod-rekod dunia melalui aktiviti yang amat mencabar, lasak dan berbahaya.

Contohnya, pelayaran mengelilingi dunia secara solo, berenang menyeberangi Selat Inggeris dalam tempoh yang tersingkat, memacak dan mengibarkan Jalur Gemilang di puncak Gunung Everest, dan menawan Kutub Utara.

Pada tahun 2020, patriotisme Malaysia wajar pula dimanifestasikan menerusi kemasyhuran bangsa Malaysia memenangi Hadiah Nobel, kejayaan menerokai angkasa lepas, memperjuangkan keamanan dan keadilan sejagat, kebijaksanaan dalam bidang sains, teknologi dan perubatan, serta menjadi pemain global dalam semua bidang.

Berikut adalah antara beberapa definisi patriotisme mengikut beberapa kamus dan ensaiklopedia Melayu dan Inggeris:

``Perasaan cinta yang kuat terhadap tanah air.'' Semangat cinta tanah air dan sikap bersedia mengorbankan apa sahaja untuk kejayaan dan kemakmuran negara.

``Perasaan dan sifat mencintai negara dan mempertahankannya pada bila-bila masa.

``Cinta dan setia kepada negara.''

``Dedikasi yang tinggi kepada negara.''

``Cinta dan kesetiaan kepada negara, kerajaan dan institusinya.''

Beberapa cendekiawan Malaysia dari pelbagai latar belakang pula pernah memberikan definisi patriotisme seperti berikut:

``Kasih sayang kepada bumi tempat tinggalnya.''

``Kesetiaan dan kecintaan seseorang terhadap negaranya.''

``Ikatan spiritual antara individu dan negaranya.''

``Sentimen nasional yang menitikberatkan kesetiaan dan kecintaan yang mendalam kepada negara.''

Oleh itu, patriotisme bolehlah ditakrifkan sebagai semangat perjuangan dan pengorbanan yang berasaskan nilai-nilai cinta, kasih, sayang, kesetiaan, kebanggaan, keikhlasan, kesanggupan, kesungguhan dan komitmen seseorang manusia kepada agama, bangsa dan negaranya.

Patriotisme penting kepada Malaysia . Ia menjadi satu daripada prasyarat pembentukan bangsa dan pengukuhan ketahanan nasional.

Menerusi patriotisme, bangsa dan negara Malaysia boleh terhindar dari pancaroba, agamanya terus mulia, jati dirinya tetap unggul, budayanya mantap, politiknya bebas dari pengaruh universalisme, perpaduannya teguh, semangat juangnya pukal, dan masa depannya terus cerah.

Pendek kata, dalam konteks suasana dunia hari ini, patriotisme Malaysia boleh menjadi senjata utama untuk menangkis seluruh elemen dalaman dan luaran yang boleh mengancam agama, melumpuhkan bangsa dan meruntuhkan negara.

Lantaran itulah patriotisme Malaysia perlu mencakupi seluruh aspek perjuangan individu, keluarga, masyarakat, bangsa, agama dan negara.

Ia perlu mementingkan prinsip-prinsip perjuangan dan pengorbanan, kewajipan dan tanggungjawab, komitmen dan dedikasi, kesungguhan dan kesukarelaan, keberanian dan keperkasaan.

Penerapan dan penyuburan patriotisme Malaysia juga wajar mencakupi aspek kepintaran dan kebijaksanaan, konsistensi dan kesinambungan, kesetiakawanan dan kesetianegaraan, perpaduan dan keharmonian, disiplin dan undang-undang.

Di samping itu, patriotisme Malaysia juga perlu menitikberatkan elemen kredibiliti dan integriti, kreativiti dan produktiviti, ilmu dan pengetahuan, kemajuan dan kemakmuran, keamanan dan kesejahteraan, kemerdekaan dan kedaulatan.

Jika penerapan, penyuburan dan penyemarakan patriotisme Malaysia tidak berasaskan prinsip-prinsip ini, ia mungkin menghasilkan jingoisme, cauvinisme dan ekstremisme.

Lantaran itu, pelaksanaan seluruh dasar, strategi dan program penerapan, penyuburan dan penyemarakan patriotisme dan pengukuhan ketahanan nasional di negara ini perlulah lebih terancang, fokus dan menyeluruh.

Ini kerana senario dunia mutakhir memerlukan barisan bangsa Malaysia yang lebih patriotik, bersatu padu, berdedikasi, berakhlak mulia, cekap dan berilmu serta berkemahiran di semua bidang kehidupan.

Maksudnya, penerapan, penyuburan dan penyemarakan patriotisme Malaysia bukan untuk menyiapkan bangsa Malaysia bertempur di medan perang.

Tetapi, untuk menjadikan bangsa Malaysia bersedia untuk berjuang, berkorban dan bertempur di seluruh medan kehidupan, termasuk bidang-bidang kritikal seperti keilmuan, keagamaan, ekonomi, perdagangan, siasah dan diplomasi antarabangsa.

Ini kerana musuh bangsa Malaysia di hari muka bukan hanya aggression ketenteraan seperti peperangan antiterorisme global. Musuh mereka akan menjelma dalam pelbagai bentuk dan rupa.

Mungkin dalam bentuk peperangan ekonomi dan manipulasi pasaran yang menggunakan senjata seperti derivatif, pelaburan berisiko tinggi, spekulasi mata wang, blok perdagangan, tindakan undang-undang mengenai hak cipta dan cap dagangan, bentuk cukai dan tarif yang canggih, sistem penentuan harga dan tarif, manipulasi ke atas faedah pinjaman dan sebagainya.

Musuh bangsa Malaysia di hari muka juga mungkin dalam bentuk subversion, infiltration dan juga pengaruh ideologi americanisme dan universalisme.

Oleh itu, proses penerapan, penyuburan dan penyemarakan patriotisme Malaysia hendaklah dilaksanakan menerusi proses pendidikan serta penguasaan ilmu dan pengetahuan, di peringkat yang paling rendah dan asas, hinggalah ke peringkat yang setinggi-tingginya.

Proses penerapan, penyuburan dan penyemarakan patriotisme Malaysia perlulah didukungi oleh seluruh bangsa Malaysia .

Hakikatnya demikian kerana patriotisme Malaysia bukan sekadar tindakan mengibarkan Jalur Gemilang sewaktu sambutan Hari Kemerdekaan.

Ia juga bukan sekadar pendendangan Lagu Kebangsaan, mengikrarkan Rukunegara atau mengetahui cabaran-cabaran strategik Wawasan 2020.

Hakikat ini penting untuk diinsafi, dikaji dan dihalusi secara komprehensif dan segera oleh semua pihak supaya seluruh resipi, strategi dan dasar ke arah mewujudkan patriotisme dan pembinaan ketahanan nasional di Malaysia benar-benar selaras dengan kedudukan dunia yang sedang dihambat ledakan ICT, perkembangan bioteknologi serta kebangkitan neoimperialisme.

Hanya sesudah itu, bangsa Malaysia perlu dituntut memahami, menghayati dan mengamalkan kebijaksanaan silam bahawa di mana bumi dipijak, di situ langit dijunjung; biar putih tulang, jangan putih mata; kalau roboh kota Melaka, papan di Jawa jadi gantinya, bila musuh datang melanda, patriotisme Malaysia jadi penangkisnya!

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VERY INTERESTING INDEED.

1. Box Jellyfish

The top prize for The World Most Venomous Animal,would go to the Box Jellyfish.
It has caused at least 5,567 recorded deaths since 1954.
Their venom is among the most deadly in the world. Its toxins attack the heart, nervous system, and skin cells. And the worst part of it is that jelly box venom is so overpoweringly painful, that human victims go in shock, drown or die of heart failure before even reaching shore. Survivors experience pain weeks after the contact with box jellies..

You have virtually no chance to survive the venomous sting, unless treated immediately. After a sting, vinegar should be applied for a minimum of 30 seconds. Vinegar has acetic acid, which disables the box jellys nematocysts that have not yet discharged into the bloodstream (though it will not alleviate the pain). Wearing panty hose while swimming is also a good prevention measure since it can prevent jellies from being able to harm your legs.

Jelly box can be found in the waters around Asia and Australia.
2. King Cobra


The King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) is the worlds longest venomous snake - growing up to 5.6 m (18.5 ft) in length.
Ophiophagus, literally means snake-eater as it eats other snakes.. One single bite of this deadly snake can easily kill a human.
This snake is even capable of killing a full-grown Asian Elephant within 3 hours if the larger animal is bitten in a vulnerable area such as the trunk.

Its venom is not as toxic as other venomous snakes, but King Cobra is capable of injecting 5 times more venom than black mamba and can result in mortality up to 5 times faster than that of the black mamba. It is quite widespread, ranging across South and South-east Asia, living in dense highland forests.
3. Marbled Cone Snail

Read more in
http://villageofjoy.com/10-most-poisonous-animals-in-the-world/

WATER

Water is a common chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of life. In typical usage, water refers only to its liquid form or state,

SELAMAT BERCUTI SMESTER PERTAMA

Gunakan cuti ini dengan sebaiknya kerana anda masih diperlukan untuk smester 2.
Pergilah

Melancong
Perpustakaan Awam
Galeri Seni
Pusat Sains Negara

ATAU

Berehat saja dirumah bertemankan BUKU

FLU

What is H1N1 (swine flu)?
H1N1 (referred to as “swine flu” early on) is a new influenza virus causing illness in people. This new virus was first detected in people in the United States in April 2009. Other countries, including Mexico and Canada, have reported people sick with this new virus. This virus is spreading from person-to-person, probably in much the same way that regular seasonal influenza viruses spread.

Why is this new H1N1 virus sometimes called “swine flu”?
This virus was originally referred to as “swine flu” because laboratory testing showed that many of the genes in this new virus were very similar to influenza viruses that normally occur in pigs in North America. But further study has shown that this new virus is very different from what normally circulates in North American pigs. It has two genes from flu viruses that normally circulate in pigs in Europe and Asia and avian genes and human genes. Scientists call this a "quadruple reassortant" virus.



Novel H1N1 Flu in Humans


Are there human infections with this H1N1 virus in the U.S.?
Yes. Cases of human infection with this H1N1 influenza virus were first confirmed in the U.S. in Southern California and near Guadalupe County, Texas. The outbreak intensified rapidly from that time and more and more states have been reporting cases of illness from this virus. An updated case count of confirmed novel H1N1 flu infections in the United States is kept at http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/investigation.htm. CDC and local and state health agencies are working together to investigate this situation.

Is this new H1N1 virus contagious?
CDC has determined that this new H1N1 virus is contagious and is spreading from human to human. However, at this time, it is not known how easily the virus spreads between people.

What are the signs and symptoms of this virus in people?
The symptoms of this new H1N1 flu virus in people are similar to the symptoms of seasonal flu and include fever, cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, body aches, headache, chills and fatigue. A significant number of people who have been infected with this virus also have reported diarrhea and vomiting. Also, like seasonal flu, severe illnesses and death has occurred as a result of illness associated with this virus.

How severe is illness associated with this new H1N1 virus?
It’s not known at this time how severe this virus will be in the general population. CDC is studying the medical histories of people who have been infected with this virus to determine whether some people may be at greater risk from infection, serious illness or hospitalization from the virus. In seasonal flu, there are certain people that are at higher risk of serious flu-related complications. This includes people 65 years and older, children younger than five years old, pregnant women, and people of any age with chronic medical conditions. It’s unknown at this time whether certain groups of people are at greater risk of serious flu-related complications from infection with this new virus. CDC also is conducting laboratory studies to see if certain people might have natural immunity to this virus, depending on their age.

How does this new H1N1 virus spread?
Spread of this H1N1 virus is thought to be happening in the same way that seasonal flu spreads. Flu viruses are spread mainly from person to person through coughing or sneezing by people with influenza. Sometimes people may become infected by touching something with flu viruses on it and then touching their mouth or nose.

How long can an infected person spread this virus to others?
At the current time, CDC believes that this virus has the same properties in terms of spread as seasonal flu viruses. With seasonal flu, studies have shown that people may be contagious from one day before they develop symptoms to up to 7 days after they get sick. Children, especially younger children, might potentially be contagious for longer periods. CDC is studying the virus and its capabilities to try to learn more and will provide more information as it becomes available.

Exposures Not Thought to Spread New H1N1 Flu


Can I get infected with this new H1N1 virus from eating or preparing pork?
No. H1N1 viruses are not spread by food. You cannot get this new HIN1 virus from eating pork or pork products. Eating properly handled and cooked pork products is safe.

Is there a risk from drinking water?
Tap water that has been treated by conventional disinfection processes does not likely pose a risk for transmission of influenza viruses. Current drinking water treatment regulations provide a high degree of protection from viruses. No research has been completed on the susceptibility of the novel H1N1 flu virus to conventional drinking water treatment processes. However, recent studies have demonstrated that free chlorine levels typically used in drinking water treatment are adequate to inactivate highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza. It is likely that other influenza viruses such as novel H1N1 would also be similarly inactivated by chlorination. To date, there have been no documented human cases of influenza caused by exposure to influenza-contaminated drinking water.

Can the new H1N1 flu virus be spread through water in swimming pools, spas, water parks, interactive fountains, and other treated recreational water venues?
Influenza viruses infect the human upper respiratory tract. There has never been a documented case of influenza virus infection associated with water exposure. Recreational water that has been treated at CDC recommended disinfectant levels does not likely pose a risk for transmission of influenza viruses. No research has been completed on the susceptibility of the H1N1 influenza virus to chlorine and other disinfectants used in swimming pools, spas, water parks, interactive fountains, and other treated recreational venues. However, recent studies have demonstrated that free chlorine levels recommended by CDC (1–3 parts per million [ppm or mg/L] for pools and 2–5 ppm for spas) are adequate to disinfect avian influenza A (H5N1) virus. It is likely that other influenza viruses such as novel H1N1 virus would also be similarly disinfected by chlorine.

Can H1N1 influenza virus be spread at recreational water venues outside of the water?
Yes, recreational water venues are no different than any other group setting. The spread of this novel H1N1 flu is thought to be happening in the same way that seasonal flu spreads. Flu viruses are spread mainly from person to person through coughing or sneezing of people with influenza. Sometimes people may become infected by touching something with flu viruses on it and then touching their mouth or nose.

Prevention & Treatment


What can I do to protect myself from getting sick?
There is no vaccine available right now to protect against this new H1N1 virus. There are everyday actions that can help prevent the spread of germs that cause respiratory illnesses like influenza.

Take these everyday steps to protect your health:

Cover your nose and mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze. Throw the tissue in the trash after you use it.
Wash your hands often with soap and water, especially after you cough or sneeze. Alcohol-based hand cleaners are also effective.
Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth. Germs spread this way.
Try to avoid close contact with sick people.
Stay home if you are sick for 7 days after your symptoms begin or until you have been symptom-free for 24 hours, whichever is longer. This is to keep from infecting others and spreading the virus further.
Other important actions that you can take are:

Follow public health advice regarding school closures, avoiding crowds and other social distancing measures.
Be prepared in case you get sick and need to stay home for a week or so; a supply of over-the-counter medicines, alcohol-based hand rubs, tissues and other related items might could be useful and help avoid the need to make trips out in public while you are sick and contagious.
What is the best way to keep from spreading the virus through coughing or sneezing?
If you are sick, limit your contact with other people as much as possible. If you are sick, stay home for 7 days after your symptoms begin or until you have been symptom-free for 24 hours, whichever is longer. Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing. Put your used tissue in the waste basket. Then, clean your hands, and do so every time you cough or sneeze.



What is the best technique for washing my hands to avoid getting the flu?
Washing your hands often will help protect you from germs. Wash with soap and water or clean with alcohol-based hand cleaner. CDC recommends that when you wash your hands -- with soap and warm water -- that you wash for 15 to 20 seconds. When soap and water are not available, alcohol-based disposable hand wipes or gel sanitizers may be used. You can find them in most supermarkets and drugstores. If using gel, rub your hands until the gel is dry. The gel doesn't need water to work; the alcohol in it kills the germs on your hands.

What should I do if I get sick?
If you live in areas where people have been identified with new H1N1 flu and become ill with influenza-like symptoms, including fever, body aches, runny or stuffy nose, sore throat, nausea, or vomiting or diarrhea, you should stay home and avoid contact with other people, except to seek medical care.

If you have severe illness or you are at high risk for flu complications, contact your health care provider or seek medical care. Your health care provider will determine whether flu testing or treatment is needed

If you become ill and experience any of the following warning signs, seek emergency medical care.

In children, emergency warning signs that need urgent medical attention include:

Fast breathing or trouble breathing
Bluish or gray skin color
Not drinking enough fluids
Severe or persistent vomiting
Not waking up or not interacting
Being so irritable that the child does not want to be held
Flu-like symptoms improve but then return with fever and worse cough
In adults, emergency warning signs that need urgent medical attention include:

Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
Pain or pressure in the chest or abdomen
Sudden dizziness
Confusion
Severe or persistent vomiting
Flu-like symptoms improve but then return with fever and worse cough
Are there medicines to treat infection with this new virus?
Yes. CDC recommends the use of oseltamivir or zanamivir for the treatment and/or prevention of infection with the new H1N1 flu virus. Antiviral drugs are prescription medicines (pills, liquid or an inhaler) that fight against the flu by keeping flu viruses from reproducing in your body. If you get sick, antiviral drugs can make your illness milder and make you feel better faster. They may also prevent serious flu complications. During the current outbreak, the priority use for influenza antiviral drugs during is to treat severe influenza illness.

What is CDC’s recommendation regarding "swine flu parties"?
"Swine flu parties" are gatherings during which people have close contact with a person who has novel H1N1 flu in order to become infected with the virus. The intent of these parties is to become infected with what for many people has been a mild disease, in the hope of having natural immunity to the novel H1N1 flu virus that might circulate later and cause more severe disease.

CDC does not recommend "swine flu parties" as a way to protect against novel H1N1 flu in the future. While the disease seen in the current novel H1N1 flu outbreak has been mild for many people, it has been severe and even fatal for others. There is no way to predict with certainty what the outcome will be for an individual or, equally important, for others to whom the intentionally infected person may spread the virus.

CDC recommends that people with novel H1N1 flu avoid contact with others as much as possible. They should stay home from work or school for 7 days after the onset of illness or until at least 24 hours after symptoms have resolved, whichever is longer.

Contamination & Cleaning


How long can influenza virus remain viable on objects (such as books and doorknobs)?
Studies have shown that influenza virus can survive on environmental surfaces and can infect a person for up to 2-8 hours after being deposited on the surface.

What kills influenza virus?
Influenza virus is destroyed by heat (167-212°F [75-100°C]). In addition, several chemical germicides, including chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, detergents (soap), iodophors (iodine-based antiseptics), and alcohols are effective against human influenza viruses if used in proper concentration for a sufficient length of time. For example, wipes or gels with alcohol in them can be used to clean hands. The gels should be rubbed into hands until they are dry.

What surfaces are most likely to be sources of contamination?
Germs can be spread when a person touches something that is contaminated with germs and then touches his or her eyes, nose, or mouth. Droplets from a cough or sneeze of an infected person move through the air. Germs can be spread when a person touches respiratory droplets from another person on a surface like a desk, for example, and then touches their own eyes, mouth or nose before washing their hands.

How should waste disposal be handled to prevent the spread of influenza virus?
To prevent the spread of influenza virus, it is recommended that tissues and other disposable items used by an infected person be thrown in the trash. Additionally, persons should wash their hands with soap and water after touching used tissues and similar waste.

What household cleaning should be done to prevent the spread of influenza virus?
To prevent the spread of influenza virus it is important to keep surfaces (especially bedside tables, surfaces in the bathroom, kitchen counters and toys for children) clean by wiping them down with a household disinfectant according to directions on the product label.

How should linens, eating utensils and dishes of persons infected with influenza virus be handled?
Linens, eating utensils, and dishes belonging to those who are sick do not need to be cleaned separately, but importantly these items should not be shared without washing thoroughly first.
Linens (such as bed sheets and towels) should be washed by using household laundry soap and tumbled dry on a hot setting. Individuals should avoid “hugging” laundry prior to washing it to prevent contaminating themselves. Individuals should wash their hands with soap and water or alcohol-based hand rub immediately after handling dirty laundry.

Eating utensils should be washed either in a dishwasher or by hand with water and soap.

paper 2 mid year sc form 1

SCIENCE PAPER 2

Part A (40 marks)

1. Draw lines ( lukis garisan) to match the symbols with the hazardous substances.

Concentrated acids

Alcohol

Radium

Sodium

Concentrated Alkali

( 5 marks)
2. The table below shows the results of the experiment. Calculate the period for one complete swing.

Length of the pendulum 10 20 30 40 50
Period for 10 complete swings 11.0 13.9 16.4 18.5 20.0
Period for one complete swings
(5 marks)
Based on the table, plot a bar chart of the period for one complete swing against the length of the pendulum. ( lukis geraf bar)


3. In an activity, a student collects some water from a burette in an empty beaker. Below is the information recorded by the student.

Based on the information given, answer the following questions.

i. What is the volume of water in the beaker? ___________ml

ii. What is the volume of one drop of water? _____________ml

iii Write your answer for ii in standard form. ________________ml ( 3 marks)


iv. Why is necessary (mengapa kah perlu) to measure 40 drops of water instead of just one drop?

______________________________________________________ ( 2 marks)


4. In a box below, draw a typical plant cell and an animal cell.(Lukis gambar sel tumbuhan dan gambar sel haiwan) . Label the diagram with


Nucleus cytoplasm cell membrane cell wall vacuole chloroplast

(Drawing 1 +1. label 6 marks) ( 8 marks)


5. a. What is meant by …
i. unicellular organism? _____________________________________________

ii. Give two examples of unicellular organism :

_____________and _______________

iii. Give two examples of multicellular organism:

___________and __________________

b. Define ( beri maksud) the term ‘ cell’:

_________________________________________________________

i. Give three examples of cell in our body. :

_____________, ______________ and ________________


( 9 matrks)


6. a. Draw the arrangement of particles in solid, liquid and gas.

solid liquid gas

b. Give two examples of liquid (beri 2 contoh cecair)

_______________

_______________
( 5 marks)

Part B ( 20 marks)

7. Study the diagram below, state the arrangement of particles in each of the object.

water
frog
flower
coffee
scissors
slippers

a. Arrangement of particles in: (Susunan zarah-zarah dalam:-)

Water : ____________________________________________________

Frog : ____________________________________________________

Flower : ___________________________________________________

Coffee : ___________________________________________________

Scissors : __________________________________________________

Slippers : ___________________________________________________

( 6 marks)

b. Group all the objects above into 2 groups according of their arrangement of particles.

( 4 marks)

8. A group of students carried out two experiments about diffusion of copper sulphate crystal, as shown in the diagram below. The observations of the experiments are made after a few days. ( Sekumpulan pelajar menjalankan dua eksperimen mengenai resapan zarah-zarah kuprum sifat seperti ditunjukan dalam rajah di bawah). Pemerhatian dilakukan selepas beberapa hari)

a. State variable that is

manipulated :_______________________________________________
constant : _______________________________________________
responding : _______________________________________________
(3 marks)
b. What can be observed after a few days?

Experiment 1: ____________________________________________________

Experiment 2 : ____________________________________________________
( 2 marks)

c. Give one inference for your answer.

________________________________________________________________( 1 mark)

d. In which experiment does diffusion take place faster?

________________________________________________________________( 1 mark)

e. Give reason for your answer in (d)

________________________________________________________________( 1 mark)

f. What is the conclusion of this experiment?

________________________________________________________________( 2 mark)

midyear exam

Answer all the questions. (40 marks)

1 Which of the following is not a natural phenomenon?

A Earthquake
B Thunderstorm
C Surgical operation
D Eclipse of the moon

2 Which of the following is a field of study in science?

A Zoology
B Artist
C Accounting
D Typist

3 Which of the following is a career in science?

A A doctor
B A lawyer
C A make up artist
D A fashion designer

4 Which of the following pairs is not matched correctly?

A Chemistry – study of chemical process
B Astronomy – study of planets
C Geology – study of climates
D Physics – study of matter

5 Which of the following sequences shows the correct scientific process skills?

A Observe → analyse→ record observation→ interpret data
B Observe→ record observation → analyse →interpret data
C Analyse →interpret data → observe → record observation
D Interpret data → analyse → observe → record observation

6. Arrange the following prefixes in order, starting with the prefix of the highest value.
W – Mega
X – Deci
Y – Giga
Z – Centi

A. Y,W,X,Z
B. W,Y,Z,X
C. X,Z,W,Y
D. Z,W,Y,X

7. Which of the following comparisons is correct regarding mass and weight?
Mass Weight
A Influenced by gravitational force Not influenced by gravitational force
B SI unit is the Newton SI unit is the kilogram
C Measured by a beam balance Measured by a spring balance
D Its value varies from place to place Its value is constant

8. The suitable tools to measure mass include.
I Spring balance
II Triple balance
III Lever balance

A. I and II
B. I and III
C. II and III
D. I,II and III

9. Which of the following has no mass?
A. Oxygen
B. Water
C. Atmosphere
D. Vacuum

10. 10 marbles are dropped into a measuring cylinder containing 50 cm3 of water. The water rises to 80 cm3. The average volume of one marble is…
A. 0.1 cm3
B. 0.3 cm3
C. 3.0 cm3
D. 10 cm3

11. Which structure of the plant cell contains a green pigment that traps sunlight for photosynthesis?
A. Cell membrane
B. Cell wall
C. Cytoplasm
D. Chloroplast

13. The following are steps to be taken when using a light microscope
J- Turn the fine focus knob
K- turn the coarse focus knob
L- place the slide on the stage
M- adjust the mirror and the diaphragm
Which of the following sequences is correct?
A. J→L→M→K
B. K→J→L→M
C. L→J→K→M
D. M→L→K→J

14. The information below refers to the…
• A complex jelly-like substance
• 70% - 90% of its composition is water
• The place for chemical reaction

A. Cytoplasm
B. Nucleus
C. Cell wall
D. Vacuole

15. Which of the following is not a microorganism?

A. Chlamydomonas
B. Spirogyra
C. Bacteria
D. Earthworm

16. A unicellular organism is…

A. An organism which consist of many cells
B. An organism which consist of only one cell
C. An organism which is made up of the same kind of cells
D. An organism which cannot be seen with the naked eye

17. The following shows the stages in cell organization
Cell → P → Q → R → Organism


P, Q and R represent…


P Q R
A Tissue Organ System
B Organ Tissue System
C Tissue System Organ
D System Organ Tissue

18. Based on cell organization, the skin, bones and nose can be grouped as…

A. Systems
B. Organs
C. Tissues
D. Cells

19. Which of the following statements is not true about cell organization?

A. The cell is the basic unit of living organism
B. An organ consists of different types of tissues
C. Groups of different tissues that perform a specific function form a system
D. A group of similar cells which perform a specific function is called a tissue

20. Which type of tissue in the human body is responsible for detecting stimuli and coordinating the body movements?

A. Connective tissue
B. Muscle tissue
C. Epithelial tissue
D. Nerve tissue

21. The organs listed below make up a system in the human body
• Nose
• Trachea
• Lungs

The system is…

A. The excretory system
B. The nervous
C. The respiratory system
D. The blood circulatory

22. The following information describes a type of cell in the human body
• Cover the body and lines surfaces of organ
• Protect the cells below them

The cells are most probably…

A. Muscle
B. Epithelial cells
C. White blood cells
D. Nerve cells

23. The following are the parts of a system in the human body
• Skull
• Backbone
• Pelvic girdle
• Pectoral girdle

What is the system?
A. The skeletal system
B. The nervous system
C. The muscular system
D. The excretory system

24. Human beings are complex organisms because…

I human beings have various types of cells
II the cells of human beings are organized to form tissues, organs and systems
III human beings are able to reproduce faster than other organisms

A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III

25. Which of the following statements is not true about matter?

A. Matter has mass
B. Matter occupies space
C. A book is an example of matter
D. Matter have a fixed volume

26. Which of the following describes the particles of copper at room temperature?

A. Always move randomly
B. Compact and arranged in a regular pattern
C. Have a very high energy content
D. Are far apart from one another

27. Particles diffuse faster through a liquid than through a solid. This is because…

A. Liquid particles have more energy
B. Liquid particles have no force that binding them
C. Liquid particles can be compressed
D. Liquid particles have more space between them


28. Gases are much easier to compress compared to liquids because…

A. The spaces between the gas particles are very big
B. The movement of the gas particles is much slower
C. The particles of gases are arranged in an orderly way
D. The size of gas particles decreases easily

29. When water is heated, what will happen to its particles?

A. The particles of water become smaller
B. The movement of the particles of water becomes slower
C. The particles of water vibrate at their own positions
D. The particles of water move further apart from one another

30. A stone has a mass of 10 g. it is put into a cylinder which contains 80 cm3 of water. Then the water level increases to 100 cm3. What is the density of the stone?

A. 0.5 g cm-3
B. 0.2 g cm-3
C. 0.1 g cm-3
D. 5 g cm -3

31. An ice cube floats on the surface of water. This shows that…

A. Ice is heavier than water
B. Ice is denser than water
C. Water is lighter than ice
D. Water is denser than ice

32. What is the mass of a marble if its density is 10 g cm-3 and its volume is 5 cm-3?

A. 0.5 g
B. 2 g
C. 5 g
D. 50 g

33. The density of an object can be determines by finding its…

A. Mass and weight
B. Length and volume
C. Mass and volume
D. Area and weight

34. Which of the following statements are true about density?

I all solids have the same density
II equal volumes of different liquids have different densities
III a solid that is denser than water will sink in water

A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I,II and III

35. Why is it easier to float in sea water than in fresh water?

A. Sea water is present in a larger quantity
B. Sea water is denser than fresh water
C. Sea water is always warmer than fresh water
D. Sea water contains more microorganisms

36. Three types of liquids, X, Y, and Z are placed in a measuring cylinder. Liquid Y is below liquid X, and liquid Z is seen to be at the bottom. The arrangement of the liquid in order of increasing density is…

A. X,Y,Z
B. Z,Y,X
C. X,Z,Y
D. Z,Y,X

37. Solid X is denser than solid Y. Solid Y is denser than liquid P. liquid P is less dense than solid Z. Which of the following solids will sink in liquid P?

A. X and Y
B. X and Z
C. Y and Z
D. X, Y and Z


38. The table below shows the densities of four substances. All of the substances are placed in a measuring cylinder containing water. The density of water is 1.0 g cm-3.
Solid substance Density(g cm-3)
J 8.90
K ?
L 10.50
M 2.60

If only substance K floats on water, what is the possible density of substance K?

A. 7.9 g cm-3
B. 11.4 g cm-3
C. 2.5 g cm-3
D. 0.5 g cm-3

39. The density of a substance can be defined as…

A. The volume of space occupied by 1 g of the substance
B. The weight per unit volume of the substance
C. The energy per unit volume of the substance
D. The mass per unit volume of the substance

40. Logs do not sink when they are transported by rivers to factories.
Which statement explains this?

A. Logs are less dense than water
B. Logs are denser than water
C. Logs have big surface area
D. Water contains salt that enables logs to float

systems

2.4 human as complex organism
1. A human being, also human or man is a member of a species of bipedalprimates in the family Hominidae (taxonomically

2. Humans have a highly developedbrain, capable of abstract reasoning, language, introspection and problem solving.

3. This mental capability, combined with an erect body carriage that frees the forelimbs (arms) for manipulating objects, has allowed humans to make far greater use of tools than any other species.

4. Humans are particularly adept at utilizing systems of communication — primarily spoken, gestural, and written language — for self-expression, the exchange of ideas, and organization. Humans create complex social structures composed of many cooperating and competing groups, from families to nations.

5. Social interactions between humans have established an extremely wide variety of traditions, rituals, ethics, values, social norms, and laws, which together form the basis of human society.

6. Humans have a marked appreciation for beauty and aesthetics, which, combined with the desire for self-expression, has led to cultural innovations such as art, writing, literature and music.

7. Humans are the only species known to build fires, cook their food, and clothe themselves; as well as utilize numerous other technologies.

8. Humans pass down their skills and knowledge to the next generations and so are regarded as dependent upon culture.

Body System

The systems of the human body consist of:

* Circulatory system/Cardiovascular system
* Digestive system
* Endocrine system
* Immune system/Lymphatic system
* Integumentary system
* Muscular system
* Nervous system
* Reproductive system
* Respiratory system
* Skeletal system
* Urinary system
* Sensory system
* Excretory System

2.3 tissue, organs- organization

1. Tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete organism.

2. Hence, a tissue is an ensemble of cells, not necessarily identical, but from the same origin, that together carry out a specific function.

3. Organs are then formed by the functional grouping together of multiple tissues.

The study of tissue is known as histology or, in connection with disease, histopathology.to form a s

4. A group of different organs combine together to form a system.

unit 2.2 unicell and multicell

1. Organisms mean living things.

2. Unicellular means one cell - amoeba, euglena, yeast.

Amoeba - one cell

3. Multicellular means many cells - hydra, worms, birds.

4. Microorganism can only be seen under a microscope, a very minute objects and carries out all the living processes.

5. Life processes include movement, feeding, excrfeting, growth, respiration,reproduction and response towards stimulus.

Red algae- multicellular organism.

Hydra species Hydra - animal with many cell

memproses capsul ubat

keputusan amali sains tg 2

SMK KING EDWARD VII, TAIPING

MINGGU SAINS DAN METEMATIK TAHUN 2009

KEPUTUSAN PERTANDINGAN AMALI SAINS

KEPUTUSAN	NAMA PEMENANG	TINGKATAN	MARKAH
PERTAMA	MOHD FADHIL DAN MOHD NOOR AZIM	2RK SIGMA	93%
KEDUA	KATHIRAAVAN DAN MOHAMAD HAFIZ RIDZUAN	2 SIGMA	87%
KETIGA	ARVINTHARAN DAN RAYMOND TAN CHONG CHOOR	2 SIGMA	80%

cell

Cell

1. All living things consist of cell.

2. Our body also is made up of millions of cells.

3. Cells are very small in size. They can only be seen using a microscope.

4. Cells have different shapes and sizes.

5. Cells may be round, oblong, square or of other shapes.

6. Cell is the basic unit of life; its function is to carry out life processes.

7. Generally, every cell is made up of nucleus, cytoplasm and cell membrane.

Structure of cells

Cell membrane – is a thin layer around a cell. It separated a cell from other cells. It controls materials entering and leaving the cells.

Cytoplasm – is a jelly-like fluid in a cell. It is enclosed by the cell membrane. About 70% of cytoplasm consists of water. 30% are protein, starch, mineral salts and vitamins. Many chemical reactions take place in cytoplasm, such as broken down of food to produce energy.

Nucleus – big spherical structure controls all the activities of the cell. It contains genetic materials.

Nucleus and cytoplasm make up protoplasm.

Other cell structures include vacuole, cell wall and chloroplast.

Vacuole – containing cell sap. The cell sap contains dissolved sugar and mineral salts.

Cell wall – surrounding the cell membrane. Made of cellulose and found only in plant cells. Its strong and gives support and protection, also maintains the shape of the cells.

Chloroplasts – containing the green pigment chlorophyll. Its traps sunlight to carry out photosynthesis.

Comparison between plant and animal cell

	Animal cell	Plant cell
Size	Usually small	Usually big
Shape	Not fixed because no cell wall	Fixed shaped because of the cell wall
Cell wall	Does not have cell wall	Has a cell wall which is made of cellulose
Chloroplasts	Does not have chloroplast	Has chloroplasts, which contains chlorophyll pigment
Vacuole	Does not have or very small	Has large vacuole especially in mature cell
Food storage	In form of glycogen	In form of starch granules

DEMAM DENGGI

DEMAM DENGGI Demam Denggi ialah penyakit akut(teruk) yang disebabkan oleh virus dan disebarkan melalui gigitan nyamuk Aedes betina (vektor).Nyamuk Aedes terdiri dari Aedes aegypti dan Aedes albopictus.Denggi terbahagi kepada 2 jenis i) Demam Denggi biasa (DD) ii) Demam Denggi Berdarah atau Sindrom Renjatan Denggi (DDB/SRD)Virus Denggi dari famili Flaviviridae.Terdiri dari 4 serotype iaitu Den1,Den2,Den3 dan Den4.Kesemua serotype ini boleh menyebabkan DD dan DDB di Malaysia.Virus denggi berkembang biak dalam badan nyamuk dan nyamuk yang mengandungi virus mampu menjadi sumber jangkitan disepanjang hayatnya.Virus ini juga boleh dipindahkan kepada telurnya.Proses ini disebut transmisi transovari. Seekor nyamuk dewasa hasil dari telur ini akan mengandungi virus di dalam badannya walau pun ia tidak pernah menggigit pesakit denggi sebelum ini.
Pada masa ini tiada ubat khusus untuk merawat penyakit ini. Oleh itu pencegahan amat penting.
TANDA-TANDADemam panas yang teruk secara mengejut dan berterusan.Petekia (bintik-bintik merah pada kulit)Sakit teruk pada tulang-tulang, otot-otot,sendi-sendi, biji mata dan kepalaPesakit DD memerlukan pengawasan kerana ada kalanya mereka turut mengalami pendarahan di hidung dan gusi serta kencing berdarah. Pesakit DD perlu diawasi agar tidak berubah menjadi DDB/SRD.

DEMAM DENGGI BERDARAH
Empat tanda utama ialah pendarahan,demam panas,pembesaran hati dan kegagalan sistem perdedaran darah.Gejala yang mungkin terjadi ialah muntah-muntah,sakit kepala dan sakit perut.Tanda-tanda pendarahan ialah kelebaman di kulit,hidung berdarah,gusi berdarah,petekia dan pemeriksaan darah menunjukkan berlaku trombo- sitipenia,leukopenia dan peningkatan aras hematokrit.Jika setelah beberapa hari demam,pesakit kelihatan semakin parah dan menunjukkan gejala kegagalan sistem peredaran darah seperti kulit yang lembab dan dingin,bibir yang lebam kebiruan,denyutan nadi yang cepat tetapi lemah dan hipotensi menandakan berlakunya sindrom renjatan denggi (SRD)

Salam Sejahtera Untuk Semua Murid tersayang

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Bertemankan muridku
Aspura dan aspuri
SMKE


coretan 2009