systems

2.4 human as complex organism
1. A human being, also human or man is a member of a species of bipedalprimates in the family Hominidae (taxonomically

2. Humans have a highly developedbrain, capable of abstract reasoning, language, introspection and problem solving.

3. This mental capability, combined with an erect body carriage that frees the forelimbs (arms) for manipulating objects, has allowed humans to make far greater use of tools than any other species.

4. Humans are particularly adept at utilizing systems of communication — primarily spoken, gestural, and written language — for self-expression, the exchange of ideas, and organization. Humans create complex social structures composed of many cooperating and competing groups, from families to nations.

5. Social interactions between humans have established an extremely wide variety of traditions, rituals, ethics, values, social norms, and laws, which together form the basis of human society.

6. Humans have a marked appreciation for beauty and aesthetics, which, combined with the desire for self-expression, has led to cultural innovations such as art, writing, literature and music.

7. Humans are the only species known to build fires, cook their food, and clothe themselves; as well as utilize numerous other technologies.

8. Humans pass down their skills and knowledge to the next generations and so are regarded as dependent upon culture.

Body System

The systems of the human body consist of:

* Circulatory system/Cardiovascular system
* Digestive system
* Endocrine system
* Immune system/Lymphatic system
* Integumentary system
* Muscular system
* Nervous system
* Reproductive system
* Respiratory system
* Skeletal system
* Urinary system
* Sensory system
* Excretory System

2.3 tissue, organs- organization

1. Tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete organism.

2. Hence, a tissue is an ensemble of cells, not necessarily identical, but from the same origin, that together carry out a specific function.

3. Organs are then formed by the functional grouping together of multiple tissues.

The study of tissue is known as histology or, in connection with disease, histopathology.to form a s

4. A group of different organs combine together to form a system.

unit 2.2 unicell and multicell

1. Organisms mean living things.

2. Unicellular means one cell - amoeba, euglena, yeast.

Amoeba - one cell

3. Multicellular means many cells - hydra, worms, birds.

4. Microorganism can only be seen under a microscope, a very minute objects and carries out all the living processes.

5. Life processes include movement, feeding, excrfeting, growth, respiration,reproduction and response towards stimulus.

Red algae- multicellular organism.

Hydra species Hydra - animal with many cell

memproses capsul ubat

keputusan amali sains tg 2

SMK KING EDWARD VII, TAIPING

MINGGU SAINS DAN METEMATIK TAHUN 2009

KEPUTUSAN PERTANDINGAN AMALI SAINS

KEPUTUSAN	NAMA PEMENANG	TINGKATAN	MARKAH
PERTAMA	MOHD FADHIL DAN MOHD NOOR AZIM	2RK SIGMA	93%
KEDUA	KATHIRAAVAN DAN MOHAMAD HAFIZ RIDZUAN	2 SIGMA	87%
KETIGA	ARVINTHARAN DAN RAYMOND TAN CHONG CHOOR	2 SIGMA	80%

cell

Cell

1. All living things consist of cell.

2. Our body also is made up of millions of cells.

3. Cells are very small in size. They can only be seen using a microscope.

4. Cells have different shapes and sizes.

5. Cells may be round, oblong, square or of other shapes.

6. Cell is the basic unit of life; its function is to carry out life processes.

7. Generally, every cell is made up of nucleus, cytoplasm and cell membrane.

Structure of cells

Cell membrane – is a thin layer around a cell. It separated a cell from other cells. It controls materials entering and leaving the cells.

Cytoplasm – is a jelly-like fluid in a cell. It is enclosed by the cell membrane. About 70% of cytoplasm consists of water. 30% are protein, starch, mineral salts and vitamins. Many chemical reactions take place in cytoplasm, such as broken down of food to produce energy.

Nucleus – big spherical structure controls all the activities of the cell. It contains genetic materials.

Nucleus and cytoplasm make up protoplasm.

Other cell structures include vacuole, cell wall and chloroplast.

Vacuole – containing cell sap. The cell sap contains dissolved sugar and mineral salts.

Cell wall – surrounding the cell membrane. Made of cellulose and found only in plant cells. Its strong and gives support and protection, also maintains the shape of the cells.

Chloroplasts – containing the green pigment chlorophyll. Its traps sunlight to carry out photosynthesis.

Comparison between plant and animal cell

	Animal cell	Plant cell
Size	Usually small	Usually big
Shape	Not fixed because no cell wall	Fixed shaped because of the cell wall
Cell wall	Does not have cell wall	Has a cell wall which is made of cellulose
Chloroplasts	Does not have chloroplast	Has chloroplasts, which contains chlorophyll pigment
Vacuole	Does not have or very small	Has large vacuole especially in mature cell
Food storage	In form of glycogen	In form of starch granules

DEMAM DENGGI

DEMAM DENGGI Demam Denggi ialah penyakit akut(teruk) yang disebabkan oleh virus dan disebarkan melalui gigitan nyamuk Aedes betina (vektor).Nyamuk Aedes terdiri dari Aedes aegypti dan Aedes albopictus.Denggi terbahagi kepada 2 jenis i) Demam Denggi biasa (DD) ii) Demam Denggi Berdarah atau Sindrom Renjatan Denggi (DDB/SRD)Virus Denggi dari famili Flaviviridae.Terdiri dari 4 serotype iaitu Den1,Den2,Den3 dan Den4.Kesemua serotype ini boleh menyebabkan DD dan DDB di Malaysia.Virus denggi berkembang biak dalam badan nyamuk dan nyamuk yang mengandungi virus mampu menjadi sumber jangkitan disepanjang hayatnya.Virus ini juga boleh dipindahkan kepada telurnya.Proses ini disebut transmisi transovari. Seekor nyamuk dewasa hasil dari telur ini akan mengandungi virus di dalam badannya walau pun ia tidak pernah menggigit pesakit denggi sebelum ini.
Pada masa ini tiada ubat khusus untuk merawat penyakit ini. Oleh itu pencegahan amat penting.
TANDA-TANDADemam panas yang teruk secara mengejut dan berterusan.Petekia (bintik-bintik merah pada kulit)Sakit teruk pada tulang-tulang, otot-otot,sendi-sendi, biji mata dan kepalaPesakit DD memerlukan pengawasan kerana ada kalanya mereka turut mengalami pendarahan di hidung dan gusi serta kencing berdarah. Pesakit DD perlu diawasi agar tidak berubah menjadi DDB/SRD.

DEMAM DENGGI BERDARAH
Empat tanda utama ialah pendarahan,demam panas,pembesaran hati dan kegagalan sistem perdedaran darah.Gejala yang mungkin terjadi ialah muntah-muntah,sakit kepala dan sakit perut.Tanda-tanda pendarahan ialah kelebaman di kulit,hidung berdarah,gusi berdarah,petekia dan pemeriksaan darah menunjukkan berlaku trombo- sitipenia,leukopenia dan peningkatan aras hematokrit.Jika setelah beberapa hari demam,pesakit kelihatan semakin parah dan menunjukkan gejala kegagalan sistem peredaran darah seperti kulit yang lembab dan dingin,bibir yang lebam kebiruan,denyutan nadi yang cepat tetapi lemah dan hipotensi menandakan berlakunya sindrom renjatan denggi (SRD)

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Bertemankan muridku
Aspura dan aspuri
SMKE


coretan 2009